Common Name: Astaxanthin
Synonyms: 3, 3’-Dihydroxy-b, b-carotene-4

Overview:

Astaxanthin is a red carotenoid and closely resembles beta-carotene in structure. It is a powerful antioxidant that has 100-500 times the antioxidant power of Vitamins E and 10 times the antioxidant capacity of the other carotenoids, lycopene, lutien, and zeaxanthin. Because of Astaxanthin’s ability to cross the blood brain barrier, astraxanthin is an excellent way to get antioxidant protection to the brain and eyes.

Benefits

The benefits of astraxanthin are just now being recognized. It is showing great promise in:

1. Reducing plaque formation in the arteries by reducing the oxidative damage to LDL-cholesterol and preventing the plaque from being deposited on the walls of the arteries.
2. Strengthening the membranes of mitochondria (mitochondria are the cellular factories responsible for the energy production of every cell) thereby ensuring good health down to the cellular level.
3. Crossing the blood brain barrier. Studies are showing that this ability (not all nutrients can do that) shows promise in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.
4. Helping to protect the eye from damage from sunlight, especially blue light. Studies in animals show that astaxanthin can reduce retinal injury.
5. Not only relieving asthenopia (eye strain) but preventing it. Those who received astraxanthin supplement showed significant improvement compared to those who did not.

Dietary Sources

An aquatic, micro alga produces this bright red carotenoid. The algae not only becomes the food source for salmon, trout, shrimp, krill, lobsters, and crayfish but accounts for their pink color as well.

	Crayfish		Krill
	Salmon & Trout		Lobster

Recommended Dosage:

Astraxanthin is usually given in amounts ranging from 4-16mg daily.
There is some evidence that suggests that astaxanthin is more readily absorbed if taken with a meal that includes some fat.

Precautions

This antioxidant is used as a food colorant and is generally regarded as safe by the USDA. However, no studies of astaxanthin in pregnant or nursing women, smll children and those with severe liver and kidney disease have been conducted. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding or those with liver and kidney disease should consult a health care provider before using an astraxanthin supplement. Astraxanthin should not be used as a supplement for children

Drug interactions

None known

Web References

1. http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=e0498803-7f62-4563-8d47-5fe33da65dd4&chunkiid=160132
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astaxanthin
3. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0NAH/is_8_31/ai_80120494

Printed Reference Material

1. Mercke Odeberg J, Lignell A, et al. Oral bioavailability of the antioxidant astaxanthin in humans is enhanced by incorporation of lipid based formulations. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2003;19:299-304.
2. Bloomer RJ, Fry A, Schilling B et al. Astaxanthin supplementation does not attenuate muscle injury following eccentric exercise in resistance-trained men. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2005;15:401-12.
3. Comhaire FH, El Garem Y, Mahmoud A et al. Combined conventional/antioxidant "Astaxanthin" treatment for male infertility: a double blind, randomized trial. Asian J Androl. 2005;7:257-62.
4. Higuera-Ciapara I, Felix-Valenzuela L, Goycoolea FM. Astaxanthin: a review of its chemistry and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2006;46:185-96.
5. Hussein G, Goto H, Oda S et al. Antihypertensive potential and mechanism of action of astaxanthin: III. Antioxidant and histopathological effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Biol Pharm Bull. 2006;29:684-8
6. Iwamoto T, Hosoda K, Hirano R et al. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation by astaxanthin. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2001;7:216-22.
7. Spiller GA, Dewell A. Safety of an astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis algal extract: a randomized clinical trial. J Med Food. 2003;6:51-6.
8. Wu TH, Liao JH, Hou WC et al. Astaxanthin protects against oxidative stress and calcium-induced porcine lens protein degradation. J Agric Food Chem. 2006;54:2418-23.

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Common Name: Ashwagandha
Scientific name: Withania somniferum
Synonyms: Indian ginseng, winter cherry

Overview:

Ashwagandha is in the same family as tomatoes, peppers and potatoes. It is a small, evergreen shrub native to the frost free regions of India, northern Africa, the Mediterranean and the Middle East. Ashwagandha stands 2-3ft in heights with oval leaves and yellow flowers resembling those of the tomato. It has small red fruit about the size of a raisin. Every part of the plant is used in traditional medicines in its native regions.

Ashwagandha is considered to be an adaptogen. It helps the body recover from stressful situations. It has been used for over 2,500 years in India as a general tonic to rejuvenate, strengthen and calm the nervous system. The active constituents in Ashwagandha are called withanolides. These withanolides are steroidal in nature and are what gives this herb its ability to heal and restore.

Benefits

Although research into the benefits of this herb are just beginning, Ashwagandha is a very important herb in the traditional Ayurveda medicine of India. Indian healers use Ashwagandha not only as a general tonic but use it to treat a variety of ailments.

This herb is used to:

1. Strengthen and tone the body.
2. Help correct memory problems by modifying the way the brain uses acetylcholine (a neurotransmitter).
3. Animal studies have confirmed that the active ingredients in ashwagandha are a more potent treatment for the pain and swollen joints of arthritis than synthetic steroids without the immune depressing side affects. Unlike long term use of aspirin to relieve the symptoms of arthritis, the active compounds in Ashwagandha do not cause gastro intestinal bleeding.
4. Increase red and white blood cell counts after treatment with cyclophosphamide, used in the treatment of Hodgkin’s lymphoma, azathioprine, used to prevent organ rejection and prednisone used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases like lupus.
5. Increase platelet counts as well as red and white cell counts after chemotherapy. Studies in India have shown that ashwagandha also makes cancer cells more susceptible to radiation therapy.
6. Relieve stress and promote restful sleep. Ashwagandha has GABA-like compounds that help calm the nerves and encourage sleep.
7. In traditional Indian medicine, ashwagandha is used as a “grounding: herb. It increases libido and increases sexual stamina.
8. To strengthen and tone the body. Ashwagandha is used to increase endurance and resistance to physical stress.
9. Balance and strengthen the actions of other herbs. Because of this it is often used in conjunction with other herbs.

Recommended Dosage:

Pediatric

Ashwagandha has been used for thousands of years to treat children in India. However, its safety in children, pregnant women and those with liver or kidney disease has not been determined. Because of this it is advised that in these situations, it should only be used under the supervision of a qualified healthcare practitioner.

Adult

The typical adult dosage is

1. a 300mg capsule once to twice a day.
2. Tincture dosage is 2-4ml (.5 -1tsp) daily.
3. To make a tea boil the roots for 15 minutes, strain and drink three cups per day.

Contra-indications

1. Ashwagandha acts as a sedative. People operating heavy equipment should remember this when taking ashwagandha.
2. People with hyperthyroidism should not take ashwagandha as it has been known to increase thyroid hormone levels.
   

Drug interactions

1. If you are taken sedatives, ashwagandha will enhance the effects of these medications.

Web References

1. http://healthlibrary.epnet.com
2. http://www.herbs2000.com/herbs/herbs_ashwaganda.htm

Printed Reference Material

1. al-Hindawi MK, al-Khafaji SH, Abdul-Nabi MH. Anti-granuloma activity of Iraqi Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharmacol. 1992;37:113–116.
2. Archana R, Namasivayam A. Antistressor effect of Withania somnifera. J Ethnopharmacol. 1999;64:91–93.
3. Bhattacharya SK, Bhattacharya A, Sairam K, et al. Anxiolytic-antidepressant activity of Withania somnifera glycowithanolides: an experimental study. Phytomedicine. 2000;7:463-46
4. Bone K. [No title available]. MediHerb Professional Review. 1998;30.
5. Dadkar VN, Ranadive NU, Dhar HL. Evaluation of antistress (adaptogen) activity of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha). Indian J Clin Biochem. 1987;2:101–108.
6. Davis L, Kuttan G. Effect of Withania somnifera on DMBA induced carcinogenesis. J Ethnopharmacol. 2001;75:165-168.
7. Devi PU, Sharada AC, Solomon FE, et al. In vivo growth inhibitory effect of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) on a transplantable mouse tumour, Sarcoma 180. Indian J Exp Biol. 1992;30:169–172.
8. Dhuley JN. Adaptogenic and cardioprotective action of ashwagandha in rats and frogs. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;70:57-63.
9. Dhuley JN. Effect of ashwagandha on lipid peroxidation in stress-induced animals . J Ethnopharmacol. 1998;60:173–178.
10. Dhuley JN. Nootropic-like effect of ashwagandha ( Withania somnifera L.) in mice. Phytother Res. 2001;15:524-528.
11. Dhuley JN. Therapeutic efficacy of ashwagandha against experimental aspergillosis in mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1998;20:191–198.
12. Gupta YK, Sharma SS, Rai K, et al. Reversal of paclitaxel induced neutropenia by Withania somnifera in mice. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2001;45:253-257.
13. Jain S, Shukla SD, Sharma K, Bhatnagar M. Neuroprotective effects of Withania somnifera Dunn. in hippocampal sub-regions of female albino rat. Phytother Res. 2001;15:544-548.
14. Kupparanjan K, et al. Effect of ashwaganda ( Withania somnifera Dunal) on the process of aging in human volunteers. J Res Ayurveda Siddha. 1980;1:247–258.
15. Panda S, Kar A. Changes in thyroid hormone concentrations after administration of ashwagandha root extract to adult male mice. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1998;50:1065–1068.
16. Prakash J, Gupta SK, Kochupillai V, et al. Chemopreventive activity of Withania somnifera in experimentally induced fibrosarcoma tumours in Swiss albino mice. Phytother Res. 2001;15:240-244.
17. Russo A, Izzo AA, Cardile V, et al. Indian medicinal plants as antiradicals and DNA cleavage protectors. Phytomedicine. 2001;8:125-132.
18. Singh B, Saxena AK, Chandan BK, et al. Adaptogenic activity of a novel, withanolide-free aqueous fraction from the roots of Withania somniferaDun. Phytother Res. 2001;15:311-318.
19. Singh DD, Dey CS, Bhutani KK. Downregulation of p34cdc2 expression with aqueous fraction from Withania somnifera for a possible molecular mechanism of anti-tumor and other pharmacological effects. Phytomedicine. 2001;8:492-494.
20. Singh N, Nath R, Lata A, et al. Withania somnifera (ashwagandha), a rejuvenating herbal drug which enhances survival during stress (an adaptogen). Int J Crude Drug Res. 1982;20:29–35.
21. Ziauddin M, Phansalkar N, Patki P, et al. Studies on the immunomodulatory effects of Ashwagandha. J Ethnopharmacol. 1996;50:69–76.

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Stimulates bile production, eliminates toxins, normalizes cholesterol and lowers blood lipids.

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Rich in pectin that can help maintain healthy cholesterol levels. This natural wonder also helps in weight control and has the ability to help break down the calcium spur deposits that can cause painful joints. Also contains minerals, trace elements and vitamins (such as C, E, A, B1, B2, B6 and beta-carotene), as well as acetic acid, enzymes, amino acids and roughage in the form of potash and apple pectin.

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One of the go-to herbs in traditional Chinese medicine for building up the immune system. Andrographis has also been part of Indian medicine for centuries. Today, it is used around the world to help guard against, and relieve colds.

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Amino Acid is an organic compound containing nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. It is the building block of protein and essential for human metabolism. There are over 100 amino acids, eight of which are essential for human metabolism. These are lysine, histadine, methione, threonine, phenylalaine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, and leucine.

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Common Name: Alpha-lipoic Acid
Synonyms: thioctic acid, lipoic acid, pentanoic acid, lipoate, dihydrolipoic acid, ALA

Overview:

Once thought to be a vitamin, ALA or alpha-lipoic acid is a potent antioxidant. Alpha-lipoic acid is a cofactor in the enzymes that are vital to the energy producing reactions of the mitochondria (mitochondria are the cellular factories responsible for the energy production of every cell) and when mitochondria do not function at peak efficiency neither can the cells. As a potent antioxidant, this organic acid scavenges a wide range of cell damaging free radicals. ALA is both fat and water soluble in is the missing link between Vitamin E (a fat soluble vitamin) and vitamin C (a water soluble vitamin), Because of this is links these vitamins so they can work in tandem. It is also involved the recycling of these important antioxidants as well as ubiquinone and glutathione. It is also important for cell growth, preventing cell damage, and helping the body to get rid of harmful substances. Although the human body can manufacture its own alpha-lipoic acid, poor nutrition or poor absorption can lead to lower levels of its precursors and thus to insufficient levels of this vital nutrient.

Benefits

Europeans have used ALA supplements for over 3 decades. In fact the German E Commission, the commission that is responsible for approving the use of herbs and supplements in Germany, has approved ALA for the treatment of the peripheral nerve damage caused by diabetes, well as that caused by alcoholism and for the treatment of hepatitis and other liver diseases.

ALA is been found to be beneficial in:

1. Regulating blood sugar levels in diabetics.
2. Treating diabetic neuropathy, the damage to the peripheral nerves that accompanies uncontrolled blood sugar. This often leads to loss of feeling in the hands and feet. Ultimately this leads to injuries that refuse to heal and ultimately in amputation.

Diabetic foot ulcer

3. Preventing the kidney damage so prevalent in diabetics.
4. Preventing diabetic retinopathies. This damage to the retina is caused by poor glucose regulation that causes the tiny blood vessels in the retina to weaken, leak blood into the inner eye and eventually causing blindness.



5. Helping to prevent cataracts. Studies reported in Free Radical Biology and Medicine stated that supplementation with ALA showed a 60% reduction of cataract development.
6. Treatment of stroke and brain function. Animal studies show that ALA has promise in lessening the brain damage after a stroke. Animals that received ALA supplementation had a four times greater survival rate after a stroke than those that received no supplementation.
7. The treatment of chronic hepatitis. There have been case reports that have shown that the use of ALA in combination with milk thistle and selenium to be helpful in the treatment of hepatitis C (a viral hepatitis that is contracted from blood and body fluids that does not have an adequate treatment and is often fatal).
8. Use with milk thistle as an antidote to Amanita, an extremely poisonous mushroom, which causes liver damage and death.
9. Studies are ongoing in the benefits of ALA in treating heart failure, glaucoma and HIV.
   

Dietary Sources

	Spinach		Broccoli
	Lean beef		Organ meats such as liver and kidney and yeast (especially Brewer’s yeast)

All are excellent sources of alpha-lipoic acid. Alpha lipoic acid is also available as a supplement in capsule or tablet form.

Recommended Dosage:

Pediatric

As there have been no studies on the pediatric use of ALA it is recommended that ALA supplementation not be used in children.

Adult

ALA dosages are available ranging from 30ng to 100mg tablets and capsules. There are no established recommended doses for alp Treatment of stroke and brain function. Animal studies show that ALA has promise in lessening the brain damage after a stroke. Animals that received ALA supplementation had a four times greater survival rate after a stroke than those that received no supplementation. alpha-lipoic acid.

For general antioxidant support the recommended dose of ALA is 20 to 50 mg per day.

Manufactures of ALA suggest one or two 50mg capsules daily.

In nerve function studies, a daily intake of 600mg in divided doses successfully improved nerve function.

Precautions

1. Women who are pregnant or nursing should take ALA supplements only under the supervision of a knowledgeable health care practioner.
2. Dietary supplements have the potential of side affects and interactions with medications. Because of this dietary supplementation should be discussed with your health care practioner before starting a supplementation program.
3. As ALA has been associated with improved blood glucose control, diabetics should monitor their blood sugar levels carefully as your healthcare practioner may need to adjust the dosage of insulin or oral blood sugar lowering medication.
4. Rarely skin rashes have been observed with ALA supplementation.

Interactions

Before adding alpha-lipoic acid supplements to your diet, discuss it with your healthcare practioner if you are taking:

1. The antibiotics amikacin or gentamicin. Animal studies actually should that ALA supplements actually reduced the side effects, especially toxicity to the ear, in these antibiotics. Additional studies are needed to confirm these benefits.
2. Alpha lipoic acid protected against the toxic effects of Cisplatin and cyclophosphamide in animal studies.
3. ALA has been shown to alter thyroid function. Hormone levels should be closely monitored in people who are taking thyroid medication and supplementing with ALA.

Web References

1. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/ConsSupplements/AlphaLipoicAcidcs.html
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_lipoic_acid
3. http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/alp_0159.shtml

Printed Reference Material

1. Androne L, Gavan NA, Veresiu IA, Orasan R. In vivo effect of lipoic acid on lipid peroxidation in patients with diabetic neuropathy. In Vivo. 2000;14(2):327-330
2. Barbiroli, B., et al. 'Lipoic (thioctic acid) increases brain energy available and skeletal muscle performance as shown in vivo 31:-MRS in a patient with mitochondrial cytopathy', J. Neurol., 1995;242:472-7.
3. Berkson BM. A conservative triple antioxidant approach to the treatment of hepatitis C. Combination of alpha lipoic acid (thioctic acid), silymarin, and selenium: three case histories. Med Klin. 1999;94 Suppl 3:84-89.
4. Berkson, B., The Alpha Lipoic Acid Breakthrough, Prima Publishing, Rocklin, CA, 1998.
5. Biewenga, G., Haenen G., Bast, A., 'The pharmacology of the antioxidant Lipoic acid', Gen. Pharmacol. 1997 Sept; 29(3): 315-31
6. Bustamante, J., et al 'Antioxidant inhibition of thymocyte apoptosis by Dihydrolipoic acid', Free Radical Biol. & Med, 1995; 19:339-47.
7. Clark WM, Rinker LG, Lessov NS, Lowery SL, Cipolla MJ. Efficacy of antioxidant therapies in transient focal ischemia in mice. Stroke. 2001;32(4):1000-1004.
8. Conlon BJ, Aran JM, Erre JP, et al. Attenuation of aminoglycoside-induced cochlear damage with the metabolic antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid. Hear Res. 1999;128:40-44.
9. Faust A, Burkart V, Ulrich H, et al. Effect of lipoic acid on cyclophosphamide-induced diabetes and insulitis in non-obese diabetic mice. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1994;16:61-66.
10. Head KA. Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part two: cataracts and glaucoma. Altern Med Rev. 2001;6(2):141-166.
11. Greenamyre, J., et al. 'The endogenous cofactors, thioctic acid and Dihydrolipoic acid, are neuroprotective against NMDA and malonlc acid Lesions of striatum', Neuroscience Letters, 1994; 171:17-20
12. Hruby K, Csomos G, Fuhrmann M, Thaler H. Chemotherapy of Amanita phalloides poisoning with intravenous silibinin. Hum Exp Toxicol. 1983;2(2):183-195.
13. Jacob, S., et al. 'Enhancement of glucose disposal in patients with type 2 diabetes by Alpha-Lipoic acid'. Arzn.-Forsch, 1995;45:872-4.
14. Konrad, T., et al 'Alpha Lipoic Acid treatment decreases serum lactate and pyruvate concentrations and improves glucose effectiveness in lean and obese patients with type 2 diabetes', Diabetes Care. 1999 Feb; 22(2): 280-7.
15. Lynch MA. Lipoic acid confers protection against oxidative injury in non-neuronal and neuronal tissue. Nutr Neurosci. 2001;4(6):419-438.
16. Maitra, I, et al 'Alpha-Lipoic acid prevents buthionine sulfoximine - Induced cataract formation in newborn Rats', Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 1995-18:823-829.
17. Meletis, C., 'Basic Nutrient Support for Proper Immune Function'. Alternative & Complementary Therapies, Feb. 1999, p.44.
18. Melhem MF, Craven PA, Derubertis FR. Effects of dietary supplementation of alpha-lipoic acid on early glomerular injury in diabetes mellitus. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2001;12:124-133.
19. Mitsui, Y, et al 'Alpha-Lipoic acid provides neuroprotection from ischemla-reperfusion injury of peripheral nerve', J. Neuro. Sci., Feb. 1; 163(1): 11-6.
    Monograph:Alpha-Lipoic Acid. Altern Med Rev. 1998;3(4):308-311.
20. Nagamatsu M, Nickander KK, Schmelzer JD,et al. Lipoic acid improves nerve blood flow, reduces oxidative stress, and improves distal nerve conduction in experimental diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care. 1995;18:1160-1167.
21. Packer L, Kraemer K, Rimbach G. Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications. Nutrition. 2001;17(10):888-895.
22. Packer L, Tritschler HJ, Wessel K. Neuroprotection by the metabolic antioxidant alpha-linoic acis. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22:359–378.
23. Schonhit, K, et al. 'Effect of Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Dihydrolipoic acid on ischemia/reperfuslon injury of the heart and heart mitochondria', Biochimica et Biophysics Acta., 1995; 1271:335-42.
24. Stol S., et al. 'The potent free radical scavenger Alpha Lipoic Acid improves memory in aged mice: putative relationship to NMDA receptor deficits', Pharmacol, Biochem.& Behavior, 1993: 46:799.805.
25. Whiteman, M., et al. 'Protection against peroxynitrite-dependent tyrosine nitration and alanti-proteinase inactivation by oxidised and reduced lipoic acid', FEBS Letters, 1996; 379:74-6.
26. Wickramasinghe, S., Hasan, R, 'ln Vitro Effects of Vitamin 'C', Thioctic Acid and Dihydrolipoic Acid on the Cytotoxicity of Post-Ethanol Serum', Biochemical Pharmacology, 1992; 43(3): 407-11.
27. Ziegler D., Gries, F., 'Alpha-Lipoic Acid in the treatment of diabetic peripheral and cardiac autonomic neuropathy', Diabetes, 1997 Sept46 Supp12562.6.

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Helps with digestion and absorption, and helps regulate the bowel. Can improve the immune system as well. Aloe Vera Juice has traditionally been touted as a digestive aid or remedy for arthritis, stomach ulcers, diabetes and many other conditions.

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A naturally occuring amino acid in the body. It regulates the metabolism and function of peripheral nerves. Studies show that Acetyl-Carnitine enhances mental clarity and focus, along with slight mood elevation.

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Common name:	Acai palm
Scientific name:	Euterpe oleracea
Synonyms:	Asia, cabbage palm, casin, jicara, manac, pinot, wapoe

 Overview:

The Acai berry is the fruit of the Acai palm a native of the South American rain forest. Its range extends from Belize south to Brazil and Peru. This palm has adapted to standing water and is found growing in flood plains and swamps. Growing up to 100 feet tall these palms are crowned with pinnate leaves and branched paniciles that hold from 700 to 100 dark purple berries. These berries are resemble purple grapes but are smaller. They range in size from 0.5 pf an inch to 1 inchin diameter. These Acai berries contain one large seed. In the rain forests of South America, the Acai berry made into juice. It is consumed in large quantities by the native population of the Amazon, sometimes over 2 quarts a day.

Active ingredients:

The acai berry is extremely high in antioxidents and phytochemicals. Nutritional/ per 100grams of fruit:

Carbohydrates	36	g
Protein	13	g
Fats	48	g
Fiber	34	g
Vitamin C	17	mg
Vitamin E	45	mg
Potassium	932	mg
Magnesium	372	g

Chemically active

• Anthocyanidins
• Beta-sitosterol a phytosterol that competes with cholesterol in absorbtion in the intestines
• Oleic acid an omega-9 fat
• Linoleic acid an omega-6 fat.

Traditional uses

In the Brazilian rain forests, the acai berry is used primarily for its juice and it nutritional value. It is however used to treat diarrhea and other digestive system complaints. The grated rind is used to make a wash to treat skin ulcers.

Clinical uses

The acai berry is new to North America so the studies of its benefits are just beginning.

• The fruit of the acai palm is extremely high in anthocynidins (this is what give the fruit such a deep purple color). Because of this the fruit is an excellent source of antioxidents as well as a good source of omega-9 and -6 essential fatty acids.
• Acai berries contain high amounts of antioxidents, evn higher than red wine grapes
• The essential fatty acids will help lower cholesterol
• The high fiber content will help regulate the digestive system and protect against colon cancer
• A study of an extract of the acai berry showed anti cancer properties in vitro (in the test tube). When tested against leukemia, this extract caused 86% of the leukemia cells to self destruct.

Recommended Dosage:

The dosage for Acai berry juice is:

• The juice can be consumed throughout the day or
• Take 2 500mg capsules 2 times/day

Contra-indications

None

Drug interactions

None

Web References

1. ibiblio
2. Wikipedia
3. Rain Tree.com

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Common Name: Astragalus
Scientific Name: Astragalus membranaceus
Synonyms: Huang-qi, beiqi, milk vetch root
Parts Used: Dried root

Overview:

Astragalus membranaceus is a member of a family of plants that is over 2000 members strong.  It is native to the eastern parts of China as well as Mongolia.  Astragalus grows to about 16 inches tall, with hairy stems and leaves that contain 12-18 leaflets.  The roots of this perennial herb are harvested when the plant is four years old.

The use of astragalus in traditional Chinese medicine is recorded as far back as 100A.D. Chinese medicine considers this herb to be one of the most valuable tonic herbs available.  In tradition Chinese medicine, astragalus was used to promote sweating, increase endurance, stimulate the appetite, and treat digestive tract problems such as gas, bloating and diarrhea, as well as it use as a diuretic and blood pressure regulator.

 

Active Ingredients:

Astragalus membranaceus contains many active ingredients. The most important being:

• polysaccharides or complex starches
• flavonoids
• the triterpenes glycosides, astragalosides I-VII
• amino acids
• trace minerals

Traditional uses

The many uses of astragalus in traditional Chinese medicine include but are not limited to:

• digestive disorders such as gas, bloating and diarrhea.
• helping to eliminate night sweats
• use as a diuretic
• help treat excess phlegm production
• moderate blood pressure
• enhance the immune system
• increase endurance
• remove pus from and speed up the healing of wounds
• anemia caused by blood loss and childbirth

Clinical uses

Astragalus has under extensive scientific research, especially in its native China.  This herb has become a very valuable herb in the modern clinical setting.  Astragalus has been found to be an effective treatment for:

• enhancing the immune system. Making it valuable in treating viral infections such as colds and flu as well as chronic hepatitis.
• combating the fatigue and lack of appetite that accompanies the radiation and chemotherapy as well as speeding the recovery and life expectancy of cancer patients. Exciting but not conclusive new studies have shown that Astragalus may actually cause the T-cells (a form of white blood cell) levels to return to normal.
• speeds the healing of wounds

Recommended Dosage:

Pediatric

Pediatric dosages are calculated by a child’s body weight.  Since adult dosages are calculated using a body weight of 150 lbs to calculate a pediatric dose simply take the child’s weight and divide by 150 lbs.  For example, if a child weights 50 lbs and the adult dose for a supplement is 150mg: 50lbs/150lbs=.33 or 1/3 of adult dose so take the 150mg adult dose and divide by 3 to obtain the child’s dose of 50mg.

Adult

1. Decoction (a strong tea): boil 3-6grams of the dried root in 12 ounces of water.
2. Fluid extract (1:1) in 25% ethanol:  take 2-4ml three times a day.
3. Tincture (1:5) in 30% ethanol: take 3-5ml three times a day.
4. Powdered extract (capsules): take 100 to 150mg of supplement (or herb) standardized to 0.5% this maybe standard of 4-hydroxy-3-methox-isoflavonoid 3 times per day.

Ointment:10% astragalus as needed to promote healing.

Contra-indications

Astragalus membranaceus is generally recognized as safe. It is often easily tolerated even by those who cannot take other supplements.

Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should consult a health care provider before using astragalus.

Drug interactions

People who are considering using astragalus should consult their health care provider if they are:

• Taking anti-viral medications such as acyclovir or interferon.  Astragalus may cause in increase in the antiviral action of these drugs and dosage adjustments may be needed.

Cyclophosphamide, a drug taken to suppress the immune system following organ transplant surgery.  Astragalus’ immune enhancing properties may suppress this drug’s effectiveness.

Web References

1. University of Maryland Medical Center, Center for Integrative Medicine, Alternative and Complementary Medicine
2. Astragalus membranaceus, Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
3. Astragalus membranaceus, Holistic-online

Printed Reference Material

1. Duke JA. 1992. Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 83.
2. Mao SP, Cheng KL, Zhou YF. 2004. [Modulatory effect of Astragalus membranaceus on Th1/Th2 cytokine in patients with herpes simplex keratitis]. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2004 Feb; 24(2): 121-3. [Article in Chinese]
3. McCaleb, R., Leigh, E. and K. Morien 2000. The Encyclopedia of Popular Herbs. Your Complete Guide to the Leading Medicinal Plants. Published by Prima Health 3000 Lava Ridge Court, Roseville California 95661. Pp. 61-67.
4. Shao BM, Xu W, Dai H, Tu P, Li Z, Gao XM. 2004. A study on the immune receptors for polysaccharides from the roots of Astragalus membranaceus, a Chinese medicinal herb. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004 Aug 6; 320(4): 1103-11.
5. Sun Y, Yang J. 2004. [Experimental study of the effect of Astragalus membranaceus against herpes simplex virus type 1]. Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao. 2004 Jan; 24(1): 57-8. [Article in Chinese].
6. Castillo C, Valencia I, Reyes G, Hong E. An analysis of the antihypertensive properties of 3-nitropropionic acid, a compound from plants in the genus Astragalus [in Spanish]. Arch Inst Cardiol Mex. 1993;63(1):11-16.
7. Chen LX, Liao JZ, Guo WQ. Effects of Astragalus membranaceus on left ventricular function and oxygen free radical in acute myocardial infarction patients and mechanism of its cardiotonic action [in Chinese]. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih. 1995;15(3):141-143.
8. Chevallier A. The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. New York, NY: DK Publishing; 1996.
9. Chu DT, Wong WL, Mavligit GM. Immunotherapy with Chinese medicinal herbs. I. Immune restoration of local xenogeneic graft-versus-host reaction in cancer patients by fractionated Astragalus membranaceus in vitro. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1988a;25(3):119-123.
10. Chu DT, Wong WL, Mavligit GM. Immunotherapy with Chinese medicinal herbs. II. Reversal of cyclophosphamide-induced immune suppression by administration of fractionated Astragalus membranaceus in vivo. J Clin Lab Immunol. 1988b;25(3):125-129.
11. Hong CY, Ku J, Wu P. Astragalus membranaceus stimulates human sperm motility in vitro. Am J Chin Med. 1992;20(3-4):289-294.
12. Huang KC. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. 2nd ed. New York, NY: CRC Press; 1999.
13. Khoo KS, Ang PT. Extract of Astragalus membranaceus and Ligustrum lucidum does not prevent cyclophosphamide-induced myelosuppression. Singapore Med J. 1995;36:387-390.
14. Kurashige A, Akuzawa Y, Endo F. Effects of astragali radix extract on carcinogenesis, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity in mice treated with a carcinogen, N-butyl-N¢-butanolnitrosoamine. Cancer Invest. 1999;17(1):30-35.
15. Li SQ, Yuan RX, Gao H. Clinical observation on the treatment of ischemic heart disease with Astragalus membranaceus [in Chinese]. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih. 1995;15(2):77-80.
16. Li XY. Immunomodulating Chinese herbal medicines. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 1991;86(suppl 2):159-164.
17. Luo HM, Dai RH, Li Y. Nuclear cardiology study on effective ingredients of Astragalus membranaceus in treating heart failure [in Chinese]. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih. 1995;15(12):707-709.
18. Ma J, Peng A, Lin S. Mechanisms of the therapeutic effect of Astragalus membranaceus on sodium and water retention in experimental heart failure. Chin Med J (Engl). 1998;111(1):17-23
19. McGuffin M, Hobbs C, Upton R, eds. American Herbal Products Association's Botanical Safety Handbook. Boca Raton, Fla: CRC Press; 1997.
20. Miller L, Murray W, eds. Herbal Medicinals: A Clinician's Guide. New York, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press; 1998.
21. Murray M, Pizzorno J. Encyclopedia of Natural Medicine. 2nd ed. Rocklin, Calif: Prima Publishing; 1998.
22. Peng T, Yang Y, Riesemann H, Kandolf R. The inhibitory effect of Astragalus membranaceus on coxsackie B-3 virus RNA replication. Chin Med Sci J. 1995;10(3):146-150.
23. Upton R. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium — Astragalus Root. Santa Cruz, Calif: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia; 1999.
24. Wagner H, Bauer R, Xiao P, Chen J, Offerman F. Chinese drug monographs and analysis — Radix Astragali (Huang Qi). Verlag Fur Ganzheitliche Medizin. 1996;1(8).
25. Wang LX, Han ZW. The effect of Astragalus polysaccharide on endotoxin-induced toxicity in mice [in Chinese]. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao. 1992;27(1):5-9.
26. White L, Mavor S. Kids, Herbs, Health. Loveland, Colo: Interweave Press; 1998: 22, 25.

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Common name:	Apple pectin
Scientific name:	Malus sylvestris

 Overview:

Pectins are a group of white amorphous complex polysaccharides, often refered to as insoluble fiber.  This insoluble fiber is formed when the protopectins found in unripe fruit are converted into pectins as the fruit ripens.  Pectins are found in large amount in peaches, plums, currants and apples.  Apples contain by far the largest amount of pectins, with the Jonagold variety containg the most.

When pectin is mixed with water, a colloidal suspension is formed.   A thick gel is formed once this solution cools.  This is what makes the fruit used in jams and jellies to set up.

Active Ingredients:

Homogalacturon, Rhamnogalacturonan I and II are the three major chemical components of pectin.  These three compounds are what give apple pectin its health enhancing qualities.

Traditional uses

Because of the gel that apple pectin forms, it is an excellent demulcent. This makes it an excellent treatment to sooth sore throats and is found in several over the counter cough drops. This demulcent effect also makes pectin an excellent treatment for digestive tract problems such as ulcers and colitis. Apple pectin has also been used to treat diarrhea as the insoluble fiber gel helps to bulk up the stool, causing it to move more slowly through the digestive tract.

Clinical uses

Clinical studies at the University of California at Davis have actually documented the health benefits of apple pectin.  These studies have shown that apple pectin is:

1. An excellent way to lower cholesterol and other unhealthy lipids in the blood stream promoting cardiovascular health
2. An excellent way to add fiber to the diet to maintain healthy bowel function as well as encourage the growth of friendly bacteria in the digestive tract
3. Not only reduce gallstones already present but prevent them from forming in the first place
4. Soothes the mucous membranes of the digestive tract helping to ease the pain and heal the ulcers found in the stomach and those caused by colitis
5. Proven to help maintain normal blood glucose levels for those who suffer from diabetes

Contra-indications

Apple pectin is generally regarded as safe by the National Institute of Health

Drug interactions

Because of its ability to help maintain normal blood sugar levels, people who suffer from diabetes should always inform their physician when apple pectin is added to their diet.

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Common name:	Aloe
Scientific name:	Aloe vera/Aloe barbadensis
Synonyms:	Barbados aloe, Indian aloe, Lu hui
Parts used:	leaf gel, dried juice of leaf and pulp root, aloin extract

 Overview:

Aloes are a group of perennial succulents native to east and southern Africa. These plants can grow to a height of 4 feet with tough, spear-like leaves that are gray green and fleshy. These leaves can reach a length of 20 inches. Each plant produces a single flower stalk that is topped with multiple yellow flowers that are 2-3 inches long. Aloe has been valued as a medicinal plant for thousands of years. Its use has been recorded by both ancient Greek and roman physicians. In fact, aloe is thought to have been used to preserve the body of Jesus Christ. This is another plant so valued in Europe that its cultivation was started in the West Indies for export. Aloe was one of the most highly prescribed medicinal herbs during the 18th and 19th century. Today, it is one of the most widely used herbs in the United States.



Active Ingredients:

Aloe contains two separate classes of active ingredients found in two different parts of the leaf. Aloe gel is the thick cooling gel found inside the aloe leaf while aloe latex is a bitter liquid found in the tough membrane that adheres to the inner leaf itself. These active ingredients in Aloe gel are:

• Glyco-protiens, which are combination of proteins and carbohydrates. These compounds are active in stopping both pain and inflammation.
• Polysaccharides complex carbohydrates that promote both skin repair and regeneration.

The active ingredients in aloe latex are: Anthraquinones- the active ingredients in aloe latex that stimulate the lining of the gastro intestinal tract and are responsible for its laxative properties.

Traditional uses

Traditional medicine has use aloe gel to heal wounds, treat skin infections and minor burns. The aloe latex has been used as an extremely potent laxative.

Clinical uses

Aloes because of their long history of use in traditional medicine have been extensively researched as to their effectiveness. This research has confirmed that the traditional uses of aloe are confirmed by modern science. The active ingredients in aloe gel have proven to actually reduce inflammation and promote skin growth and repair. These properties make aloe gel effective in the treatment of:

1. genital herpes by spreading up the healing of the lesions caused by the herpes virus.
2. Psoriasis and dandruff as it helps relieve the itching and dry skin that accompanies both conditions.
3. minor burns including sun burn by relieving the pain and promoting healing

Aloe latex laxative effects as a laxative are so strong that it is not used as often as Seneca and cascara, two plants closely related to the aloes. Exciting preliminary studies in the laboratory and in animal testing show that aloe leaf extract (which contains both the aloe gel and the latex) may have stimulate the immune system and have anti cancer properties.

Recommended Dosage:

Pediatric

Pure aloe gel is safe to use on children to treat minor skin irritations. Aloe latex, on the other hand, is much too potent a laxative and its use is not recommended in children.

Adult

For minor skin irritations, fresh aloe gel is preferred. Simply clean the affected area, split the leaf lengthwise and apply the gel.

To use the latex as a laxative

Take 50-200mg of powdered latex followed by copious amounts of water or two tablespoons of the liquid ONCE by mouth. Aloe latex can be taken two or three times a week to maintain normal bowel function but this should only be done under health care providers supervision.

Contra-indications

Aloe gel is generally regarded as safe. It rarely causes an allergic rash or dermatitis when applied to the skin. Aloe latex may cause severe abdominal cramping. People who have a possible bowel obstruction or appendicitis should not take it. People who suffer from gastro-intestinal disorders such as ulcers, hemorrhoids, IBS or other chronic digestive tract disorders should avoid aloe latex as it may aggravate these conditions. Experts advise against the long term use of aloe latex as long term use may turn the urine red or brown, lead to nephritis and may even become addictive. Women who are pregnant should not use aloe latex as it may cause uterine contractions. Mothers who are breastfeeding should consult a health care provider before using aloe latex as it whether its presence in breast milk affects infants has not been tested.

Drug interactions

If you are being treated for Type II diabetes with glyburide consult your health care provider before using aloe latex. Aloe latex may enhance the effectiveness of this drug to lower blood sugar levels. If blood sugar levels are not monitored closely, it may fall to low. Aloe gel may increase the potency of hydrocortisones ability to reduce swelling. If you are taking digoxin for irregular heartbeat or diuretics to manage congestive heart failure, do not take aloe latex. Digoxin and diuretics deplete potassium levels. If used in combination with aloe latex, potassium levels could fall dangerously low.

Web References

1. University of Maryland Medical Center
2. Aloe vera/barbarensis
   
3. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia
4. Holistic Online

Printed Reference Material

1. Serrano M, Valverde JM, Guillen F, Castillo S, Martinez-Romero D, Valero D. (2006). Use of Aloe vera gel coating preserves the functional properties of table grapes. J Agric Food Chem 54 (11): 3882-3886.
2. Flora Europaea Cambridge University Press 1964 An immense work in 6 volumes (including the index). The standard reference flora for europe, it is very terse though and with very little extra information. Not for the casual reader.
3. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Boston, Mass: Integrative Medicine Communications. 1998.
4. Brinker F. Herb Contraindications and Drug Interactions. 2nd ed. Sandy, Ore: Eclectic Medical; 1998:28-30.
5. Bunyapraphatsara N, Yongchaiyudha S, Rungpitarangsi V, Chokechaijaroenporn O. Antidiabetic activity of aloe vera L. juice II. Clinical trial in diabetes mellitus patients in combination with glibenclamide. Phytomedicine. 1996;3:245-248.
6. Capasso F, Borrelli F, Capasso R, et al. Aloe and its therapeutic use. Phytother Res. 1998;12:S124-S127.
7. Choi SW, Son BW, Son YS, Park YI, Lee SK, Chung MH. 2001. The wound-healing effect of a glycoprotein fraction isolated from aloe vera. Br J Dermatol. 2001 Oct; 145(4): 535-45.
8. Danhof I. Potential benefits from orally-injested internal aloe vera gel. International Aloe Science Council Tenth Annual Aloe Scientific Seminar; 1991; Irving, Texas.
9. Davis RH, Parker WL, Murdoch DP.Aloe vera as a biologically active vehicle for hydrocortisone acetate. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 1991;81:1-9.
10. Duke J. The Green Pharmacy. Emmaus, Penn: Rodale Press. 1997.
11. Ernst E. Adverse effects of herbal drugs in dermatology. Br J Derm. 2000;143:923-929.
12. Fulton JE Jr. The stimulation of postdermabrasion wound healing with stabilized aloe vera gel-polyethylene oxide dressing. J Dermatol Surg Onco. 1990;16:460.
13. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9 - Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
14. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C et al, eds. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 2nd ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company. 2000.
15. Heggers J, et al. Beneficial effects of aloe in wound healing. Phytother Res. 1993;7:S48–S52.
16. Ishii Y, Takino Y, Toyo'oka T, Tanizawa H. 1998. Studies of aloe. VI. Cathartic effect of isobarbaloin. Biol Pharm Bull. 1998 Nov; 21(11): 1226-7.
17. Karch SB. The Consumer's Guide to Herbal Medicine. Hauppauge, New York: Advanced Research Press; 1999:28-30.
18. Lust. J. The Herb Book. Bantam books 1983 ISBN 0-553-23827-2 - Lots of information tightly crammed into a fairly small book.
19. Mantle D, Gok MA, Lennard TW. Adverse and beneficial effects of plant extracts on skin and skin disorders. Adverse Drug React Toxicol Rev. 2001;20(2):89-103
20. McCaleb, RS, Leigh, E, Morien, K. 2000. Aloe in The Encyclopedia of Popular Herbs. Publ. by Prima Publishing, 3000 Lava Ridge Court, Roseville, CA 95661. Pp. 41-52.
Odes HS, Madar Z. A double-blind trial of a celandin, aloevera and psyllium laxative preparation in adult patients with constipation. Digestion. 1991;49(2):65-71.
21. Olsen DL, Raub W Jr, Bradley C, Johnson M, Macias JL, Love V, Markoe A. 2001. The effect of aloe vera gel/mild soap versus mild soap alone in preventing skin reactions in patients undergoing radiation therapy. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2001 Apr; 28(3): 543-7.
22. Schery. R. W. Plants for Man. - Fairly readable but not very comprehensive. Deals with plants from around the world.
23. Singh RP, Dhanalakshmi S, Rao AR. Chemomodulatory action of Aloe vera on the profiles of enzymes associated with carcinogen metabolism and antioxidant status regulation in mice. Phytomed. 2000;7(3):209-219.
24. Somboonwong J, Jariyapongskul A, Thanamittramanee S, Patumraj S. Therapeutic effects of aloe vera on cutaneous microcirculation and wound healing in second degree burn model in rats. J Med Assoc Thai. 2000;83:417-425.
25. Syed TA, Ahmad SA, Holt AH, et al. Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Trop Med Int Health. 1996;1:505–509.
26. Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim 1959 - An excellent and very comprehensive guide but it only gives very short descriptions of the uses without any details of how to utilize the plants. Not for the casual reader.
27. Uphof. J. C. Th. Dictionary of Economic Plants. Weinheim 1959 - An excellent and very comprehensive guide but it only gives very short descriptions of the uses without any details of how to utilize the plants. Not for the casual reader.
28. Usher. G. A Dictionary of Plants Used by Man. Constable 1974 ISBN 0094579202 Forget the sexist title, this is one of the best books on the subject. Lists a very extensive range of useful plants from around the world with very brief details of the uses. Not for the casual reader.

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Common Name: Apricot
Scientific Name: Prumus Ameniaca
Synonyms: Apricock, albaricoqueros, chin hsing
Parts Used: Fruit, leaves, seed

Overview:

The apricot tree is a medium sized tree that reaches between 25-39 feet in height with a spreading canopy of about 18 feet.  The leaves are pointed at the end and rather heart shaped. Its flowers range from white to shades of pink. The tree blossoms from March to April with the fruit ripening from July to September.  The apricot closely resembles peaches and nectarines and is related to plums. The fruit is hairless with color ranging from yellow to deep orange.  Like the peach, nectarine and plum, the apricot is a stone fruit.

The apricot is native to northwest China.  It arrived in Armenia about 3,000 years ago.  About 70B.C. the Romans introduced it to Europe.  Although the apricot traveled to Virginia with the English in 1720, it was the introduction in California by the Spanish in 1792 that the apricot became well established.

The fruit of the apricot is highly nutritious but the leaves and seeds contain hydrogen cyanide in small quantities.  The seeds also contain laetrile, a controversial alternate cure for cancer.

Active Ingredients:

Fat	0	g
Carbohydrates	12	g
Fiber	2	g
Sugars	11	g
Protein	1	g
Vitamin A	27	re
Vitamin C	11	mg
Potassium	313	mg
Calcium	15	mg
Phosphorus	20	mg
Iron	0.6	mg

Plus trace amounts of thiamin, riboflavin and niacin.

This size serving of apricots provides 45% of the RDA for vitamin A, 20% of vitamin C, and % each of calcium and iron.

Chemically active substances in apricots are:

• Beta carotene
• Lycopene
• Pectin

Traditional uses:

Although the apricot is a fruit:

• It is valued for its high vitamin A content makes it useful in preventing degenerative conditions of the eyes, such as macular degeneration and cataracts
• It is also valued as an overall tonic
• It is used as a mild laxative
• It is used by both the Chinese and Europeans as an aphrodisiac

Clinical uses:

• Cataract prevention. In a study of 50,000 registered nurses, those who had the highest vitamin A intake reduced the risk of cataracts by 45%.
• Helping to prevent constipation and diverticulosis.
• Relieving the symptoms of dry eye. Again the high vitamin A content helps to keep the eye lubricated.
• Lowers cholesterol and other lipids.
• Moderate high blood pressure. This is because of its high potassium level
• Beta-carotene and lycopene can help protect LDL (the good cholesterol) from being broken down by free radicals.

Recommended Dosage:

Three medium sized apricots are all that is needed to a healthy dose of Vitamins A and C, along with iron, potassium and lycopene.

Contra-indications:

None

Drug interactions

None

Web References

1. http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9039/24233/197416.html?d=dmtHealthAZ#prevent
2. http://www.5aday.gov/month/apricot.html
3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apricot
4. http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/find_lat?COM=apricot

Printed Reference Material

1. Bean. W. Trees and Shrubs Hardy in Great Britain. Vol 1 - 4 and Supplement. Murray 1981
2. Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE. Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 2004 Jun;122(6):883-92., PMID: 15197064
3. Craig W. Phytochemicals: guardians of our health. J Am Diet Assoc. 1997;97(Suppl 2) S199-S204 1997
4. Dorai T, Cao YC, Dorai B, et al. Therapeutic potential of curcumin in human prostate cancer. III. Curcumin inhibits proliferation, induces apoptosis, and inhibits angiogenesis of LNCaP prostate cancer cells in vivo. Prostate 2001 Jun 1;47(4):293-303, PMID: 16280
5. Ensminger AH, Esminger M. K. J. e. al. Food for Health: A Nutrition Encyclopedia. Clovis, California: Pegus Press; 1986, PMID: 15210
6. F. Chittendon. RHS Dictionary of Plants plus Supplement. 1956 Oxford University Press 1951 Comprehensive listing of species and how to grow them. Somewhat outdated, it has been replaces in 1992 by a new dictionary (see [200]).
7. Grieve. A Modern Herbal. Penguin 1984 ISBN 0-14-046-440-9 Not so modern (1930's?) but lots of information, mainly temperate plants.
8. Hankinson SE, Stampfer MJ, Seddon JM, et al. Nutrient intake and cataract extraction in women: a prospective study. BMJ 1992;305(6849):335-9 1992
9. Harrison. S. Wallis. M. Masefield. G. The Oxford Book of Food Plants. Oxford University Press 1975, Good drawings of some of the more common food plants from around the world. Not much information though.
10. Hedrick. U. P. Sturtevant's Edible Plants of the World. Dover Publications 1972 ISBN 0-486-20459-6, Lots of entries, quite a lot of information in most entries and references.
11. Jacques PF, Chylack LT. Epidemiologic evidence of a role for the antioxidant vitamins and carotenoids in cataract prevention. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53:352S-5S 1991
12. Kohlmeyer L, Kark JD, Gomez-Gracia E, et al. Lycopene and myocardial infarction risk in the EUROMIC study. Am J Epidemiol 1997;146:618-26 1997
13. Olszewska M, Glowacki R, Wolbis M, Bald E. Quantitative determination of flavonoids in the flowers and leaves of Prunus spinosa L. Acta Pol Pharm 2001 May-2001 Jun 30;58(3):199-203, PMID: 16270
14. Papazian R. Sulfites: Safe for most, dangerous for some. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA Consumer. Dec 1996 1996
15. Risasanen, T, Voutilainen S, Nyyssonen K et al. Low plasma lycopene concentration is associated with increased intima-media thickness of the carotid artery wall. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000 Dec;20(12):2677-81 2000
16. Simmons. A. E. Growing Unusual Fruit. David and Charles 1972 ISBN 0-7153-5531-7, A very readable book with information on about 100 species that can be grown in Britain (some in greenhouses) and details on how to grow and use them.
17. ills RB, Scriven FM, Greenfield H. Nutrient composition of stone fruit (Prunus spp.) cultivars: apricot, cherry, nectarine, peach and plum. J Sci Food Agric 1983 Dec;34(12):1383-9, PMID: 16280
18. Wood, Rebecca. The Whole Foods Encyclopedia. New York, NY: Prentice-Hall Press; 1988, PMID: 15220
19. Wuthi-udomler M, Grisanapan W, Luanratana O, Caichompoo W. Antifungal activity of Curcuma longa grown

The publisher does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the information or the consequences arising from the application, use, or misuse of any of the information contained herein, including any injury and/or damage to any person or property as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise.

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