Common Name: Broad Bean
Synonyms: Fava bean, horse bean, filed bean, tic bean
Scientific name: Vicia faba

Overview

Fava beans have been an integral part of Old World agriculture since around 6000BC. It has been in cultivation longer than any other plant except for lentils, chick peas, and peas. It is still widely grown as a cover crop as it can easily over winter and is capable of fixing nitrogen in the soil

As with any member of the bean family, fava beans are very nutritious and a good source of protein. Fava beans are the highest natural source of a neurotransmitter precursor, L-dopa. L-dopa is the precursor to dopamine an important neurotransmitter in the human brain. Dopamine is unable to cross the blood brain barrier. L-dopa which can cross this barrier is then converted to dopamine. L-dopa used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and is also one of the many amino acids that stimulate the pituitary gland to release HGH (human growth hormone. These amino acids are often called secretagogues because they stimulate the glands to secrete hormone. The high L-dopa content along with its important role as a neurotransmitter and secretagogue is what makes broad beans so important in maintaining optimum health.

HGH deficiency in adults is now recognized as a specific clinical syndrome with characteristic signs and symptoms. Replacement of the hormones which decline with age, such as growth hormone, estrogen and testosterone, is an important part of any antiaging program. L-dopa from fava beans is an important part of any regime to stimulate the pituitary gland to release more HGH.

Benefits

Some of the health benefits of fava beans can be attributed to their high concentration of L-dopa. L-dopa has been shown to:

1. Be a precursor to the important amino acid dopamine. In fact it is used to treat and help control the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (in this disease the brain cannot make enough dopamine) increasing the dopamine available to the brain.
2. Play a role in stimulating the pituitary gland to release HGH (human growth hormone) into the blood stream. L-dopa helps increase the body’s ability to repair itself. L-dopa is involved in a complex chemical pathway known as the secretagogue pathway. By increasing the levels of L-dopa in the brain, the pituitary gland releases more HGH. Higher levels of HGH have been shown to:

• increase lean muscle mass
• decrease fat deposits
• improved mental functioning
• increase sexual energy and performance
• improved mood and sense of well being
• increased energy level
• a more youthful appearance and texture of the skin

Precautions

Fava beans contain the substances vicine and convicine. In people with the hereditary condition known as G6PD (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency) a disorder of the metabolism, fava beans can induce a hemolytic anemia. This condition is often called favism.

Because fava beans may contain therapeutic amounts of L-dopa, some of the side effects are the same:

1. low blood pressure
2. heart arrhythmias
3. nausea
4. GI bleeding
5. Confusion
6. Visual and auditory hallucinations

Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should consult a health care provider before using any supplements. The affects of this supplement has not been tested on children and those suffering from liver or kidney disease. It is recommended that in children and people with liver or kidney disease this supplementation not be used.

Web References

1. http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/hum_0140.shtml
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-dopa
3. http://www.umm.edu/patiented/articles/what_levadopa_l-dopa_000051_7.htm

Printed Reference Material

1. Cohn L, Feller AG, Draper MW, Rudman IW, Rudman D. Carpal tunnel syndrome and gynaecomastia during growth hormone treatment of elderly men with low circulating IGF-1 concentrations. Clin Endocrinol. 1993; 39:417-425.
2. Fazio S, Sabatini D, Capaldo B, et al. A preliminary study of growth hormone in the treatment of dilated cardiomyopathy. 1996; 334:809-814.
3. Gravolt, C.H., Schmitz, O., Simonsen, L., et al. Effects of a physiological GH pulse on interstitial glycerol in abdominal and femoral adipose tissue. American Journal of Physiology 277(5):E848-E854, 1999.
4. Ziegenfuss, T.N., Mendel, R.W. Acute hormonal responses to a novel botanical compound. Presented at the American Society for Exercise Physiology Annual Conference, Memphis, 2001.
5. Rabinowitz, D., Merimee, T.J., Burgess, J.A., et al. Growth hormone and insulin release after arginine: Indifference to hyperglycemia and epinephrine. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology 26:1,170, 1966.
6. Bratusch-Marrain, P., Waldhausl, W. The influence of amino acids and somatostatin on prolactin and growth hormone release in man. Acta Endocrinologica 90:403, 1979.
7. Hans, C.M., Maas, Wouter, R., et al. Growth hormone responses during strenuous exercise: the role of GH-releasing hormone and GH-releasing peptide-2. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 32(7):1,226-1,232, 2000.
8. Apaydin, H., Ertan, S., Ozekmekci, S. Broad bean (Vicia faba) a natural source of L-dopa prolongs "on" periods in patients with Parkinson's disease who have "on-off" fluctuations. Movement Disorders 15(1):164-166, 2000.
9. Bengtsson B-Å, Eden S, Lonn L, et al. Treatment of adults with growth hormone deficiency with recombinant human GH. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1993; 76:309-317.
10. Marcus R, Hoffman AR. Growth hormone as therapy for older men and women. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 1998; 38:45-61.
11. PA Kempster1,2 MD, Z Bogetic2 MD, JW Secombei3 BApplSc, HD Martin3 Bsc, NDH Balazs3 Bsc and ML Wahlqvist2 MD, Motor effects of broad beans (Vicia faba) in Parkinson's disease: single dose studies,Departments of Neurosciences1, Medicine2 and Biochemistry3, Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne, Australia.
12. Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagraj HS, et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med. 1990; 323:1-6.

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Common Name: Beta-Cerotene
Synonyms: Provitamin A, trans-beta carotene

Overview

Beta-carotene belongs to a class of phytochemicals called carotenoids. It is an orange pigment necessary for photosynthesis. It transmits the light energy that it absorbs to chlorophyll where it is turned into the life-energy of the plant. As with all other carotenoids, beta-carotene is a fat soluble pigment and is responsible for the orange color of many fruits and vegetables. Beta-carotene is stored in the liver and can then be converted to Vitamin A as needed. Because of this ability to be transformed into vitamin A, beta-carotene is what is called a provitamin. Because the body converts beta-carotene to vitamin A on as needed basis, it does not have to toxic effects that accompany high vitamin A intake.

Health Benefits

Beta-carotene is an antioxidant and because of this has been shown to have many health enhancing properties. This provitamin has demonstrated:

1. The ability to stimulate the immune system by increasing chemicals needed in monocytes (a white blood cell responsible for antibody production) to help fight infections, as well as increase the secretion of tumor necrosis factor by these same white blood cells.
2. That as a precursor of Vitamin A, beta carotene is an important nutrient for maintaining healthy eyes. Vitamin A is incorporated into the retina and is responsible for the ability to see well in dim light. Vitamin A deficiency is the leading cause of childhood blindness in the developing world.
3. Its ability to inhibit tumor growth in some malignant cell lines including human prostate cancer cells in vitro (tests conducted in a test tube). The Physician Health Study (a study of a large number of physicians for a long period of time) showed that those with a low baseline of beta-carotene experienced a decreased risk of developing prostate cancer when supplemented with 50mcgs of beta-carotene. Beta-carotene’s tumor inhibiting properties seem to be more effective when used in conjunction with vitamins C and E.
4. That it may also reduce the risk of heart disease.
5. That high doses of beta-carotene may decrease sensitivity to the sun. It has proven particularly effective for people with the skin condition caused by sunlight exposure, such as erythropoietic protoporphyria. This is a condition that is characterized by the development of hive or eczema upon exposure to sunlight.
6. In preliminary studies that people with scleroderma (an autoimmune disease characterized by a hardening of the skin) have a low beta-carotene level and would benefit from beta-carotene supplementation.

Dietary Sources

Beta-carotene is found in many fruits and vegetable. The more intense the color, the more beta-carotene it contains. Some of these fruits and vegetables are:

	Carrots		Spinach
	Lettuce		Tomatoes
	Cantaloupe		Sweet Potatoes
Winter Squash

Available forms

Beta-carotene is available in:

Capsules
Gel tablets

Since beta-carotene is fat soluble, it is recommended that it be taken with meals that contain at least 3 grams of fat to ensure proper absorption.

Recommended Dosage:

Pediatric

For children younger than 14 years old with erythropoietic protoporphyria 30 to 150mg a day (250,00 IU) either in a single or divided dose fro 2 to six weeks is recommended. This needs to be done under the supervision of the child’s healthcare practitioner.

Adult

For health maintenance, 15-50mg (25,000 to 85,000 IU) per day is recommended.

For adults with erythropoietic protoporphyria, 30-300mg (50,000 to 500,000 IU) per day for 2-6 weeks is recommended.

Contra indications

Studies have shown that beta-carotene supplement in doses greater than 20mg per day may increase of heart disease and cancer in those who smoke or drink heavily. These people should not use this supplement.

Beta-carotene does not protect against sunburn

Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should consult a health care provider before using beta-carotene as a supplement.

Some of the side effects of beta-carotene include:

1. Skin discoloration. This is a yellow discoloration that will eventually go away if the dosage is reduced.
2. Loose stool.
3. Bruising
4. Joint pain

Drug interactions

People taking the following medications should avoid beta-carotene supplements.

1. Cholestyramine taken at the same time as beta-carotene may loer the absorption of this supplement
2. Colestipal taken at the same time as beta-carotene may decrease the absorption of the supplement.
3. Mineral oil taken at the same time as beta-carotene may decrease its absorption.
4. Orlistat may decrease the absorption of beta-carotene
5. Lutein intake at the same time as beta-carotene may decrease the uptake of lutien
6. Pectin taken with beta carotene may decrease the absorption of beta-carotene.
7. The ongoing use of alcohol with beta-carotene supplements may increase the likelihood of liver damage.
8. There is no evidence of beta-carotene overdose on record.

Web References

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_carotene
2. http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/nutsupdrugs/bet_0032.shtml
3. http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/vitamins/vitaminA/

Printed Reference Material

1. Albanes D, Heinonen OP, Taylor PR, et al. Alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements and lung c
2. Albanes D. Beta-carotene and lung cancer: a case study. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69:1345S-1350S.
3. Clark JH, Russell GJ, Fitzgerald JF, Nagamori KE. Serum beta-carotene, retinol, and alpha-tocopherol levels during mineral oil therapy for constipation. Am J Dis Child. 1987;141(11):1210-1212. (abstract)
4. DerMarderosian A. Ed. The Review of Natural Products. Tanning Tablets. St. Louis, MO: Facts and Comparisons; 2000. [Date of issue Nov. 1991]
5. Elinder LS, Hadell K, Johansson J, Molgaard J, Holme I, Olsson AG, et al. Probucol treatment decreases serum concentrations of diet-derived antioxidants. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1995;15(8):1057-1063. (abstract)
6. Facts and Comparisons. Beta Carotene. Loose leaf edition. St. Louis: Mo; Wolters Kluwer Co; Jan 2000 update:7.
7. Gabriele S, Alberto P, Sergio G, Fernanda F, Marco MC. Emerging potentials for an antioxidant therapy as a new approach to the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Toxicology. 2000; 155(1-3):1-15.
8. Hercberg S, Galan P, Preziosi P. Antioxidant vitamins and cardiovascular disease: Dr Jekyll or Mr Hyde? Am J Public Health. 1999; 89(3):289-291.
9. Herrick AL, Hollis S, Schofield D, Rieley F, Blann A, Griffin K, Moore T, Braganza JM, Jayson MI. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of antioxidant therapy in limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2000;18(3):349-356.
10. Hu G, Cassano PA. Antioxidant nutrients and pulmonary function: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Am J Epidemiol. 200015;151(10):975-981.
11. Leo MA, Lieber CS. Alcohol, vitamin A, and beta-carotene: Adverse interactions, including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;69(6):1071-1085.
12. Liede KE, Alfthan G, Hietanen JH, Haukka JK, Saxen LM, Heinonen OP. Beta-carotene concentration in buccal mucosal cells with and without dysplastic oral leukoplakia after long-term beta-carotene supplementation in male smokers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;52(12):872-876.
13. Martindale: The Complete Drug Reference. 32nd edition. London, UK; Pharmaceutical Press; 1999. Micromedex Inc., on line database.
14. Mathews-Roth MM. Photoprotection by carotenoids. Federation Proceedings. 1987;46(5):1890-1893.
15. McEvoy Ed. AHFS Drug Information. Bethesda, MD: American Society of Health-System Pharmacists; 2000:3308.
16. Omenn GS, Goodman G, Thornquist M, Grizzle J, Rosenstock L, Barnhart S, et al. The beta-carotene and retinol efficacy trial (CARET) for chemoprevention of lung cancer in high risk populations. Smokers and asbestos exposed workers. Cancer Res. 1994;54:2038S-2043S.
17. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Risk factors for lung cancer and for intervention effects in CARET, the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1996;88(21):1550-1559. [abstract]
18. Physician's Desk Reference. 54th ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company, Inc.; 2000:2695.
19. Pizzorno JE, Murray MT. Textbook of Natural Medicine, Vol 1. 2nd Edition. Edinburgh, UK: Churchill Livingstone; 1999.
20. Pryor WA, Stahl W, Rock CL. Beta carotene: from biochemistry to clinical trials. [Review] Nutr Rev. 2000;58(2 Pt 1):39-53.
21. Roodenburg AJ, Leenen R, van het Hof KH, Weststrate JA, Tijburg LB. Amount of fat in the diet affects bioavailability of lutein esters but not of alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, and vitamin E in humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(5):1187-1193.
22. The Alpha-tocopherol, Beta-carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and Beta Carotene on incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1029-1035.
23. USPDI Vol. II. Beta-Carotene (Systemic). Englewood, CO: Micromedex ® Inc.:Revised 7/9/97.
24. Werbach M, Moss J. Textbook of Nutritional Medicine. Tarzana, Calif: Third Line Press; 1999.
25. West KP, Katz J, Khatry SK, LeClerq SC, Pradhan EK, Shrestha SR, et al. Double blind cluster randomised trial of low-dose supplementation with vitamin A or beta carotene on mortality related to pregnancy in Nepal. The NNIPS-2 Study Group. BMJ. 1999;318(7183):570-575. (Available online at: http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/318/7183/570)
26. Woutersen RA, Wolterbeek AP, Appel MJ, van den Berg H, Goldbohm RA, Feron VJ. Safety evaluation of synthetic beta-carotene. [Review] Crit Rev Toxicol. 1999;29(6):515-542. (abstract)

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One of the best blood purifiers. Clears congestion in the circulatory, lymphatic and urinary systems, and is a mild antioxidant.

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Common Name: Boswellia
Scientific name: Boswellia serrata
Synonyms: Salai Guggal

Overview

Boswellia is a family of trees that are found throughout India, the Arabian Peninsula and the east coast of Africa, particularly Somalia. These are medium to large trees from which a gummy oleoresin, called frankincense, is extracted. In all regions where frankeincense is produced, it is used not only as incense in religious ceremonies but in the treatment of diseases.
Boswellia serrata is the tree native to India and has been used for over 2,000 years in traditional Indian medicine, Ayurvedic. In traditional medicine, Boswellia is a valuable aid in treatments:

1. To relieve inflammatory conditions.
2. To ease joint pain.
3. For dysentery
4. For lung ailments especially asthma.
5. For snake bites, ringworm and skin infections.

Benefits

The research that has been done on Boswellia confirms that the resin it produces does have the ability to relieve inflammation and ease the symptoms of asthma.

1. In a review of unpublished studies, preliminary studies found Boswellia effedtive in the relieving the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis. A total of 81 people suffering from rheumatoid arthritis were given either Boswellia or a placebo. Both of these studies found that the subjects, who received Boswellia, experienced a significant reduction of the pain and inflammation as compared to the placebo group. These tests were conducted over a 3 month period. Another study of 60 people over a.six month period showed that Boswellia produced benefits similar to oral gold treatment
2. Boswellia was also shown to be effective in the treatment of osteoarthritis. In a double blind study of 30 people with arthritis of the knee, Boswellia was compared to a placebo. This was conducted over an 8 week period. The two groups switched, the placebo group got Boswellia while those who had received the Boswellia got the placebo. The researchers found that when taking the Boswellia, the subjects experienced a significant improvement in knee pain and mobility as well as walking distance when compared to the placebo. In fact Boswellia worked as well as NSAIDS (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) in relieving the pain and stiffness that accompanies arthritis with out the gastro-intestinal upset so often caused by these anti-inflammatory medications.
3. A six week, double-blind, placebo controlled study of 80 people with mild asthma showed that a 300mg dose of Boswellia, three times a day reduced the frequency of asthma attacks and improved breathing capacity. This was because the active ingredients in Boswellia prevented the blood vessels from contracting.
4. Boswellia is also showing promise in the treatment of IBS (irritable bowel syndrome). In an 8 week, double blind, placebo study of 102 people suffering from Crohn’s disease, Boswellia was compared to the drug mesalazine. Those taking the Boswellia fared as well as those taken the medication with little or no side effects.
5. Extracts of boswellia are being as an aid to standard care for malignant glioma (a type of incurable brain tumor). Use of boswellia appears to decrease symptoms, probably by decreasing inflammation in the brain (as well as through other mechanisms.) However, these studies are not conclusive and should not be substituted for standard medical care.

Recommended Dosage

1. A typical dose of Boswellia is 300-400mg 3 times a day. Doses as high as 1200mg have been well tolerated.
2. The only side effects from taking Boswellia are gastro-intestinal upsets and rarely a skin rash.
3. Boswellia has not been evaluated in women who are pregnant or nursing, children and those who suffer from liver or kidney disease and should not be taken by these individuals except under the care of a qualified healthcare practitioner.

Contra-indications

None reported.

Drug interactions

None reported

Web References

1. http://www.pdrhealth.com/drug_info/nmdrugprofiles/herbaldrugs/100400.shtml
2. http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=e0498803-7f62-4563-8d47-5fe33da65dd4&chunkiid=21617

Printed Reference Material

1. Gupta I, Parihar A, Malhotra P, et al. Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis. Eur J Med Res. 1997;2:37–43.
2. Etzel R. Special extract of Boswellia serrata (H 15) in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Phytomedicine. 1996;3:91–94.
   
3. Sander O, Herborn G, Rau R. Is H15 (resin extract of Boswellia serrata, "incense") a useful supplement to established drug therapy of chronic polyarthritis? Results of a double-blind pilot study [in German, English abstract]. Z Rheumatol. 1998;57:11–16.
4. Gupta I, Gupta V, Parihar A, et al. Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with bronchial asthma: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled, 6-week clinical study. Eur J Med Res. 1998;3:511–514.
5. Safayhi H, Sailer ER, Ammon HPT. 5-lipoxygenase inhibition by acetyl-11-keto-beta-boswellic acid (AKBA) by a novel mechanism. Phytomedicine. 1996;3:71-72.
6. Singh GB, Atal CK. Pharmacology of an extract of salai guggal ex-Boswellia serrata, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Agents Actions. 1986;18:407-412.
7. Wildfeuer A, Neu IS, Safayhi H, et al. Effects of boswellic acids extracted from a herbal medicine on the biosynthesis of leukotrienes and the course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Arzneimittelforschung. 1998;48:668-674.
8. Safayhi H, Boden SE, Schweizer S, et al. Concentration-dependent potentiating and inhibitory effects of Boswellia extracts on 5-lipoxygenase product formation in stimulated PMNL. Planta Med. 2000;66:110-113.
9. Janssen G, Bode U, Breu H, et al. Boswellic acids in the palliative therapy of children with progressive or relapsed brain tumors. Klin Padiatr. 2000;212:189-195.
10. Winking M, Sarikaya S, Rahmanian A, et al. Boswellic acids inhibit glioma growth: a new treatment option? J Neurooncol. 2000;46:97-103.
11. Glaser T, Winter S, Groscurth P, et al. Boswellic acids and malignant glioma: induction of apoptosis but no modulation of drug sensitivity. Br J Cancer. 1999;80:756-765.
12. Gerhardt H, Seifert F, Buvari P, Vogelsang H, et al. Therapy of active Crohn disease with Boswellia serrata extract H 15. Z Gastroenterol. 2001;39:11-17.
13. Kimmatkar N, Thawani V, Hingorani L, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of Boswellia serrata extract in treatment of osteoarthritis of knee—a randomized double blind, placebo controlled trial. Phytomedicine. 2003;10:3–7.

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A protein powder that helps inhibit the enzyme responsible for blood vessel constriction.

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Close to 100 studies have shown the amazing and natural blood sugar lowering effects contained in Bitter Melon. This ingredient works by helping to regulate the body’s ability to process sugars by suppressing the neutral response to the stimuli of sweet tastes.

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Known as Vitamin H, Biotin is a vitamin produced in the body by certain types of intestinal bacteria and can also be obtained from foods like nuts, oat bran and cooked eggs. Considered part of the B complex group of vitamins, biotin is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and amino acids.

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A catch-all term for antioxidants that give fruits and vegetables their colors. Can enhance the body's absorption of vitamin C. Help the body fight infection, allergies, and carcinogens.

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Beta-sitosterol is one of a group of organic compounds found in plants that, alone and in combination with similar plant sterols, reduces blood levels of cholesterol.

The reduction of cholesterol levels appears to be because beta-sitosterol blocks absorption of cholesterol. It has also been effective in reducing symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Although molecules quite similar to beta-sitosterol inhibit cancer cells in test tubes, the relevance of this information for people remains unknown.

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Studies have also shown that Beta Glucan reduces the blood level of cholesterol. As a soluble fiber it forms a viscous gel in the digestive tract aiding the regulation of cholesterol.

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Daily consumption of powdered barley grass juice helps to provide your body with essential nutrients that promote health and vitality. After taking powdered barley grass juice daily for as little as one week, many people report an increase in energy, better looking hair, skin, and nails, and increased regularity - all signs of good nutrition. After 10 years of research Japanese health researcher Hagiwara, made the statement "the leaves of cereal grasses provide the nearest thing to perfect food that this planet offers".

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A natural compound found in Banabe helps to transport blood sugar into the muscle cells (rather than fat cells) and helps to control carbohydrate cravings, and promote healthy weight loss.

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Seems to help brain cells re-grow and repair themselves and it doubles as an antioxidant.

Bacopa has been revered for centuries in the Ayurvedic herbal tradition of India to enhance clear thinking and support memory function. Studies have shown that Bacopa supports learning and memory in humans. In animal models, Bacopa provides antioxidant protection for critical memory centers and helps to reduce the effects of stress on the brain. Traditional application suggests that Bacopa has a direct effect on improving brain functions, increasing concentration, and in promoting memory functions. Bacosides play a protective role in the synaptic functions of the nerves in the hippocampus, the seat of memory. Nerve impulses are transmitted across the synapses and their degeneration is believed to contribute to impaired memory and cognition.

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Common name:	Beet
Scientific name:	Beta vulgaris
Synonyms:	Spinach beet, garden beet, table beet, sea beet
Parts used:	leaves, stems and tap root

 Overview:

The beets is a herbaceous perennial with leafy stems and a large swollen tap root.  The plant above ground reaches heights of between three and four feet high.  The leaves are heart shaped and the flowers are produced in a dense spike and are often green or red tinged. These vegetables are native to Europe and are grown from Sweden to the Mediterranean.   Beets are grown not only for their nutritional value but also for their healing properties.

The ancient Greeks use of beets was two fold.  They values their leafy tops as a rich source of nutrition and values the tap root for its many medicinal uses.  The beet has been recorded in Greek medical treatise as far back as 300B.C.  Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, advocated the use of beet leafs to bind wounds and the Romans placed a high value on beets to treat fevers and constipation.  Beet juice was believed to be a powerful aphrodisiac.  This may be because of its high boron content, which plays a signigant role in the production of human sex hormones.  It has been valued throughout history as aiding the circulatory and digestive systems.

Active Ingredients:

Beets and beets greens are a rich source of:

• Iron
  
• Iodine
• Potassium
• Magnesium
• Manganese
• Calcium
• phosphorous
• Sodium
• Sulfur
• Folic acid
• Many B vitamins
• Vitamins A & C
• Beta-carotenes

The chemically active constituents in beets are:

• Anthocyanins betecyanin, and betaxanthin.  These components of beets are flavonoids that account for their red color.
• Betaine a substance that lowers homocystine levels in the body and is commercially derived from sugar beets.

Traditional uses:

Beetroot use in traditional medicine includes but is not limited to:

• cleansing and nourishing tonic to help build the blood, balance it’s pH, and flush away the fatty deposits that lead to coronary artery disease.
• cleanse and detoxify the liver and spleen.  It is used in the treatment of jaundice, cirrhosis and other liver disorders caused by alcoholism.
• draw out pus and toxins as a poultice for wounds and other skin problems
• an aphrodisiac as its high boron content may help in the production of sex hormones.

Clinical uses:

Beetroot has been used in modern clinical settings to:

• Lower homocystine (a naturally occurring amino acid) levels that is closely linked to the development of heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease.
• The regeneration of liver cells.  French studies have shown that Betaine and betanin help liver cells regenerate.  This has proven especially helpful in regenerating cells destroyed by fatty degeneration of the liver.
• An immune enhancer and anti-tumor agent as a result of beets’ high anthocyanin levels

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Common name:	Barley
Scientific name:	Hordeum vulgare
Synonyms:	Apra, orzo, six rowed barley, Ta Mai
Parts used:	cut and dried or powdered barley grass or barley grass juice powder

Overview:

Barley is a hardy, annual grass that grows to a little over 3 feet in height. The flowers are very small and are wind pollinated. It is widely cultivated as a grain and is native to central Asia. Barley has been grown as a food source for thousands of years. It is one of the first grains to be grown for food. Paleontologists have found evidence that humans grew barley dating to 7000 BC. Roman gladiators ate barley for increased strength and stamina. Although, barley is more widely known for the grain it produces, its newly sprouted greens are becoming known for not only their nutritional value but for the many health benefits they contain.

Active ingredients:

Barley contains a very large number of chemically active ingredients. These include but are not limited to the following:

• tricin-a potent antioxidant
• the flavonoids: aesculin, apaganini, cyanidin, procyanidins
• prodelphinidins
• palmitoleic acid
• catechins
• saponins
• organic acids
• plant steroids including beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol
• methylesterase
• coumarin

Barley grass is a highly nutritious food source. It contains:

protein	800	mg
fiber	600	mg
chlorophyll	19	mg
vitamin K	280	mg
vitamin C	11	mg
vitamin A	1750	IU
vitamin E	1.1	mcg
thiamin/B1	10	mcg
riboflavin	71	mcg
choline	1	mcg
B-12	1	mcg
niacin	263	mcg
pantothenic acid	840	mcg
folic acid	38	mcg
biotin	4	mcg
calcium	18	mg
phosphorous	18	mg
potassium	112	mg
magnesium	3.6	mg
iron	2	mg
manganese	0.35	-
selenium	.35	mcg
sodium	1	mg
zinc	17.5	mcg
iodine	7.5	mcg
copper	0.2	mcg
cobalt	1.75	mcg

Barley grass is used in traditional medicine for nutritional support and as a:

• antioxidant
• cellular regenerator
• rejuvenating tonic
• to relieve symptoms in digestive disorders
• immune system enhancer
• anti-viral

Clinical uses

Clinical studies here and abroad are showing the exiting possibilities in using barley grass. Studies by Yasuo Hotta at the University of California, La Jolla, isolated a substance P4D1 from barley grass. His studies showed that P4D1 was a potent anti inflammatory and was also responsible for DNA repair at the cellular level. His presentation a Japan Pharmacy Science Association meeting detailed how P4D1 helped suppress and alleviate the symptoms of pancreatitis, inflammation of the oral cavity and lacerations of the stomach and small intestines. These studies also showed that the anti inflammatory effect of barley grass was superior to steroids without their many side effects. Barley grass is also showing promise in treating the toxic effects of alcohol consumption. Acetaldehyde is a by product of alcohol breakdown in the liver. Acetaldehyde is toxic to tissue and may be responsible for the cancers associated with excess alcohol consumption, cancer of the stomach and the esophagus.

Recommended Dosage:

Adult

Fluid extract (1:1) in 25% ethanol: 5 to 10ml three times a day. Powdered extract (solid): 5 to 10g of barley grass mixed with juice or water 3 times/day.

Contra-indications:

Barley grass is generally regarded as safe with no known contra indications.

Drug interactions:

Barley grass has shown no drug interactions to date.

Web References

1. Flora Health
2. Wikipedia
3. iBiblio.org
4. Green Foods.com

Printed Reference Material

1. Cremer L, Herold A, Avram D, Szegli G. 1996. Inhibitory capacity of some fractions isolated from a green barley extract upon TNF alpha production by the cells of the THP-1 human monocytes line. Roum Arch Microbiol Immunol. 1996 Oct-Dec; 55(4): 285-94.
2. Duke JA. 1992. Handbook of Phytochemical Constituents of GRAS Herbs and Other Economic Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 293-295.
3. Kanauchi O, Iwanaga T, Mitsuyama K. 2001. Germinated barley foodstuff feeding. A novel neutraceutical therapeutic strategy for ulcerative colitis. Digestion. 2001; 63 Suppl 1: 60-7.
4. LeVasseur SA, Helme RD. 1991. A double-blind clinical trial to compare the efficacy of an active based cream F14001 against a placebo non-active based cream for the treatment of pressure ulcers in a population of elderly subjects. J Adv Nurs. 1991 Aug; 16(8): 952-6.
5. Mitsuyama K, Saiki T, Kanauchi O, Iwanaga T, Tomiyasu N, Nishiyama T, Tateishi H, Shirachi A, Ide M, Suzuki A, Noguchi K, Ikeda H, Toyonaga A, Sata M. 1998. Treatment of ulcerative colitis with germinated barley foodstuff feeding: a pilot study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 1998 Dec; 12(12): 1225-30.
6. 1. S. Nakajima, Y. Hagiwara, H. Hagiwara, and T. Shibamoto. Effect of the antioxidant 2"-O-Glycosylisovitexin from young green barley leaves on acetaldehyde formation in beer stored at 50 degrees C for 90 days, 1998, Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry Vol. 46 (4), 1529-1531

The publisher does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the information or the consequences arising from the application, use, or misuse of any of the information contained herein, including any injury and/or damage to any person or property as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise.

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Common name:	bilberry
Scientific name:	Vaccinium myrtillus
Synonyms:	whortleberry, huckleberry, wine berry, blueberry
Parts used:	leaves, fruit

 Overview:

The bilberry is a small shrub that seldom grows more than 16 inches high.  It is a close relative of the American blueberry as well as the cranberry.  The bilberry ranges throughout northern Europe westward to Mongolia.  It is also found in the Rocky Mountains of the U. S.

This dark purple berry has been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years and many of its properties have been proved by both experience and scientific studies. 

 
Active Ingredients:

• calcium
• magnesium
• phosphorus
• manganese
• selenium
• sulphur
• zinc
• vitamin C
• B vitamins

Chemically active substances in bilberry are:

• Anthocyanins, especially delphinidin that gives bilberries their purple color and is responsible for its ability to improve night vision.
• Tannins
• Pectin
• Phenolic acids
• Glyosides

Traditional uses:

Bilberries have been a favorite in traditional medicine.  Their uses include:

• Treatment for scurvy, because of its high vitamin C content
• Urinary tract infections, like the cranberry, it changes the pH of the urine making an inhospitable place for bacteria.
• The treatment of diarrhea and dysentery
• As an anti inflammatory in gout and rheumatoid arthritis
• To dissolve kidney stones
• Infections of the mouth and throat
• Syrup made from bilberries was used for coughs and lung ailments.

Clinical uses:

Bilberries have been studies extensively in Europe, especially in France and Italy.  These studies have confirmed:

• Bilberries contain powerful anti oxidants
• They have the ability to inhibit the ability of platelets to stick to one another. Preventing blood clot formation after surgery
• That the tannins in bilberry extract inhibit excess bleeding after surgery.  Germany studies show that bilberry extract reduces excess bleeding by 71%
• That the constituents in bilberry can help the smooth muscles of the digestive system to body to relax.
• That  the anthocyanins in bilberry inhibit the breakdown of collagen and encourages its regeneration.  The anthocyanins do this by  binding to them to protect them an enzyme.   Elastase is an enzyme that is responsible for the destruction of collagen.
• Can help improve the circulation in peripheral vascular disorders, especially those involving capillary weakness.  A clinical study of more than 700 people with various forms of peripheral circulation problem showed that by using an extract of bilberry circulation to the extremities markedly improved.
• Bilberries ability to improve eye health.  In human clinical trials, bilberry extract improved eyesight and increased ocular blood supply in 73% of those tested.  Rhodosporin, a purple pigment needed for night vision, levels were increase after taking bilberry which resulted in an marked improvement oin night vision.

Recommended Dosage:

Pediatric

Bilberry can be safely used in children over 2 years of age.
Add 4-8 grams of dried berries to 150ml (2/3 cup) of water.  Bring to a boil for 10 minutes and strain while hot.  It can then be given throughout the day as a treatment for diarrhea.

Adult

• For the treatment of diarrhea take 5-10 grams of dried bilberry in 150ml of water boil for 10minutes and strain.  Take several times throughout the day for the control of diarrhea.
• For eye conditions  and circulation use a standardized bilberry extract with a 25% anthocyanin in capsule form.  Take 480mg divided in to 2 or 3 doses per day.  Once symptoms improve reduce the dosage to 240mg once a day.
• For ulcer prevention take 20-40mg of bilberry extract 3 time/day or ½ cup of fresh berries once a day.

Contra-indications:

Because of bilberries blood thinning characteristic, people taking blood thinners should consult their health care practitioner before using bilberry or its extracts.

Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding can use bilberry  fresh dried or in extract form.

Drug interactions

None

Web References

1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilberry
2. http://www.stevenfoster.com/education/monograph/bilberry.html
3. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/ConsHerbs/Bilberrych.html

Printed Reference Material

1. Bailey C, Day C. Traditional plants medicine as treatments for diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1989;12:553-564.
2. Blumenthal M, Busse WR, Goldberg A, et al. The Complete German Commission E Monographs. Boston, Mass: Integrative Medicine Communications; 1998.
3. Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J. Herbal Medicine Expanded Commission E Monographs. Newton, Mass: Integrative Medicine Communications; 2000:18-19.
4. Bomser J, Madhavi DL, Singletary K, Smith MA. In vitro anti-cancer activity of fruit extracts from Vaccinium species. Planta Med. 1996;62:212–216.
5. Cignarella A, Nastasi M, Cavalli E, Puglisi L. Novel lipid-lowering properties of Vaccinium myrtillus L. leaves, a traditional antidiabetic treatment, in several models of rat dyslipidaemia: a comparison with ciprofibrate. Thromb Res. 1996;84(5):311-322.
6. Duke J. The Green Pharmacy. Emmaus, Pa: Rodale Press; 1997.
7. Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C et al, eds. PDR for Herbal Medicines. 2nd ed. Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Company Inc; 2000.
8. Head KA. Natural therapies for ocular disorders, part two: cataracts and glaucoma. Altern Med Rev. 2001;6(2):141-166.
9. Laplaud PM, Lelubre A, Chapman MJ. Antioxidant action of Vaccinium myrtillus extract on human low density lipoproteins in vitro: initial observations. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 1997;11(1):35-40.
10. Logan AC, Wong C. Chronic fatigue syndrome: oxidative stress and dietary modifications. Altern Med Rev. 2001;6(5):450-459.
11. Magistretti NJ, Conti M, Cristini A. Antiulcer activity of an anthocyanidin from Vaccinium myrtillus. Arzneim-Forsch. 1988;38:686–690.
12. Muth ER, Laurent JM, Jasper P. The effect of bilberry nutritional supplementation on night visual acuity and contrast sensitivity. Altern Med Rev. 2000;5(2):164-173.
13. Norred CL, Finlayson CA. Hemorrhage after the preoperative use of complementary and alternative medicines. AANA J. 2000;68(3):217-220.
14. Schulz V, Hansel R, Tyler VF. Rational Phytotherapy. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag; 1998:193.
15. Blumenthal, M. eds., S. Klein, trans. German Bundesgesundheitsamt (BGA) Commission E Therapeutic Monographs on Medicinal Products for Human Use. (English translation). American Botanical Council, Austin, Texas (in press, due early 1997).
16. Brown, D. 1996. Herbal Prescriptions for Better Health. Rocklin, Calif.: Prima Publishing.
17. Cunio, L. 1993. Vaccinium myrtillus, Australian Journal of Medical Herbalism, 5(4):81- 85.
18. Leung, A. Y. and S. Foster. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Foods, Drugs and Cosmetics. Second Edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
19. Morazzoni, P. and E. Bombvardelli. Vaccinium myrtillus L. Fitoterapia, 67(1):3-29, 1996.
20. Tyler, V. E. The Honest Herbal, third edition, Binghamton, New York: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1993.
21. Tyler, V. E. Herbs of Choice - The Therapeutic Use of Phytomedicinals, Binghamton,  New York: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1994

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Common name:	barley
Scientific name:	Hordeum vulgare
Synonyms:	barley groats
Parts used:	Whole grain including bran but without husk

 Overview:

Barley is a grain closely related to wheat.  It is a grass and reaches a height of between 1 and 2 feet.  Wild barley is native to the Middle East but its distribution is now world wide.

It is believed that barley originated in the region between Saudi Arabia and the Nile River.  It has been cultivated there for over 10,000 years.  Barley was used as a food for humans and animals and was also important in wine and beer making.  The first recipe for barley wine dates back to 2800 B.C. in Babylon.  Barley was prized by the athletes of both ancient Greece and Rome.  Roman gladiators were called hordearil which means “eaters of barley”.  In time barley was introduced to both South America and Asia by the Spaniards and the English.

Active Ingredients:

Protein	3.5	g
Fat	0.7	g
Cholesterol	0	g
Carbohydrates	44.3	g
Fiber	9	g
Calcium	17	mg
Iron	2	mg
Magnesium	35	mg
Phosphorous	85	mg
Potassium	145	mg
Sodium	5	mg
Zinc	1.2	mg
Niacin	3.2	mg
Folic acid	26	mcg
Selenium	36.4	mg
Copper	0.64	mg

Chemically active substances in apricots are:

• Ligans
• Antioxidant
• Phytoestrogens

Traditional uses:

Traditionally barley was used for its superior nutrition.  In fact, barley water was used when switching an infant from breast milk to solid food.  It was also used to help restore the strength of those recovering from serious illnesses.

Clinical uses:

Barley is a whole grain that is known to:

• Lower cholesterol and other lipids.  This is because the dietary fats consumed are bound to the insoluble fiber and flushing them out of the body before they can be absorbed.
• Cholesterol is lowered by the beta-glucan in barley.  Beta glucan binds to the bile acids and help move them out of the body.  Bile acids are compounds used to digest fats.  These compounds are made from cholesterol by the liver.  The bile acids are flushed out so the liver must break down cholesterol to make more bile acids.
• High niacin levels also help keep cholesterol under control
• A three year study of 229 postmenopausal women showed that eating at least 6 servings of whole grains per week slowed down the progression of atherosclerosis.
• Barley can also help prevent gallstones.  The insoluble fiber in barley reduces the secretion of bile acids.
• Barley’s high fiber and selenium content make it a valuable tool in the fight against cancer

Recommended Dosage:

The recommended serving size of barley is 1 cup.  It is recommended that 6 or more servings of whole grains be eaten every week.

Contra-indications:

Barley contains gluten.  So those who are following a gluten free diet should not eat barley.

Drug interactions:

None

Web References

1. USDA
2. USDA - Grain
3. http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm
4. http://wbc.agr.mt.gov/Consumers/Nutrition/barley_basics.html
5. Wikipedia
6. WHFoods.com

Printed Reference Material

1. Anderson JW, Hanna TJ, Peng X, Kryscio RJ. Whole grain foods and heart disease risk. J Am Coll Nutr 2000 Jun;19(3 Suppl):291S-9S, PMID: 17670
2. Bansal HC, Strivastava KN, Eggum BO, Mehta SL. Nutritional evaluation of high protein genotypes of barley. J Sci Food Agric 1977 Feb;28(2):157-60, PMID: 16310
3. Bazzano LA, He J, Ogden LG, Loria CM, Whelton PK. Dietary fiber intake and reduced risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey I Epidemiologic Follow-up Study. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Sep 8;163(16):1897-904
4. Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch J. Diets containing barley significantly reduce lipids in mildly hypercholesterolemic men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Nov;80(5):1185-93., PMID: 15531664
5. Behall KM, Scholfield DJ, Hallfrisch J. Comparison of hormone and glucose responses of overweight women to barley and oats. J Am Coll Nutr. 2005 Jun;24(3):182-8., PMID: 15930484
6. Delaney B, Nicolosi RJ, Wilson TA et al. Beta-glucan fractions from barley and oats are similarly antiatherogenic in hypercholesterolemic Syrian golden hamsters. J Nutr; 2003 Feb 133(2):468-75 2003
7. Ensminger AH, Ensminger, ME, Kondale JE, Robson JRK. Foods & Nutriton Encyclopedia. Pegus Press, Clovis, California 1983
8. Ensminger AH, Esminger M. K. J. e. al. Food for Health: A Nutrition Encyclopedia. Clovis, California: Pegus Press; 1986, PMID: 15210
9. Erkkila AT, Herrington DM, Mozaffarian D, Lichtenstein AH. Cereal fiber and whole-grain intake are associated with reduced progression of coronary-artery atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women with coronary artery disease. Am Heart J. 2005 Jul;150(1):94-101., PMID: 16084154
10. Fortin, Francois, Editorial Director. The Visual Foods Encyclopedia. Macmillan, New York 1996
11. Jensen MK, Koh-Banerjee P, Hu FB, Franz M, Sampson L, Gronbaek M, Rimm EB. Intakes of whole grains, bran, and germ and the risk of coronary heart disease in men. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 Dec;80(6):1492-9., PMID: 15585760
12. Johnsen NF, Hausner H, Olsen A, Tetens I, Christensen J, Knudsen KE, Overvad K, Tjonneland A. Intake of whole grains and vegetables determines the plasma enterolactone concentration of Danish women. J Nutr. 2004 Oct;134(10):2691-7., PMID: 15465768
13. Jood S, Kalra S. Chemical composition and nutritional characteristics of some hull less and hulled barley cultivars grown in India. Nahrung 2001 Feb;45(1):35-9, PMID: 16290
14. Liu RH. New finding may be key to ending confusion over link between fiber, colon cancer. American Institute for Cancer Research Press Release, November 3, 2004.
15. Norbaek R, Brandt K, Kondo T. Identification of flavone C-glycosides including a new flavonoid chromophore from barley leaves (Hordeum vulgare L.) by improved NMR techniques. J Agric Food Chem 2000 May;48(5):1703-7, PMID: 16300
16. Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Long-term intake of dietary fiber and decreased risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Gastroenterol. 2004 Jul;99(7):1364-70., PMID: 15233680
17. Wood, Rebecca. The Whole Foods Encyclopedia. New York, NY: Prentice-Hall Press; 1988, PMID: 15220

The publisher does not accept any responsibility for the accuracy of the information or the consequences arising from the application, use, or misuse of any of the information contained herein, including any injury and/or damage to any person or property as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise.

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Common name:	Blueberry
Scientific name:	Vaccinium corymbosum
Synonyms:	huckleberry

 Overview:

Blueberries are a member of the heath family and are closely related to cranberries and bilberries.  The blueberry is native to North America and eastern Asia but is now grown in Europe as well.

The blueberry grows on shrubs that range in size from 4 inches tall, known as low bush blueberries to over 13 feet tall, known as high bush blueberries.  These shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen.  The bell shaped flowers range in color from white through pink to red.  The growing season runs from May until October.

Active Ingredients:

• Proanthocyanidins and anthocyanins
• Fruit sugars
• Tannins
• Favonoids

Traditional uses:

Traditionally, blueberries have been used to:

• treat diarrhea
• urinary tract infections
• gallbladder disease
• blood purification
• improve eyesight, especially night vision

Clinical uses:

The active substances in blueberries are of great interest to researchers and there are many ongoing studies. Blueberries have been found to:

• Contain powerful antioxidant properties.
• Improve the integrity of the cardiovascular system
• Improve night time vision acuity and a quicker adjustment period to darkness.
• Improve mental functioning
• Reduce the risks of cancer. The US department of agriculture is conducting studies on pterostilbene, found in blueberries, and its ability in the laboratory to inhibit breast cancer, diabetes, and lower LDL levels.

Recommended Dosage:

• For the dietary support of eyesight and cardiovascular health take 25-100gms of dried blueberry daily or 62.5 to 250mg of the blueberry anthocyanins daily.
• To sooth irritated mucous membranes of the mouth and throat boil 20-60gm or 2-6 tablespoons of fruit boil in water for 20 minutes, strain, and cool.  Then drink this tea several times a day.
• To treat diarrhea in children and adults take blueberry tea cold several times a day.

Complete nutritional analysis from the US Department of Agriculture

Nutrient	Units	Value per 100 grams	Number of Data Points	Std. Error
Proximates
Water	g	84.21	12	0.672
Energy	kcal	57	0	-
Energy	kj	240	0	-
Protein	g	0.74	12	0.019
Total lipid (fat)	g	0.33	12	0.018
Ash	g	0.24	12	0.005
Carbohydrate, by difference	g	14.49	0	-
Fiber, total dietary	g	2.4	4	0.124
Sugars, total	g	9.96	8	0.55
Sucrose	g	0.11	8	0
Glucose (dextrose)	g	4.88	8	0.275
Fructose	g	4.97	8	0.276
Lactose	g	0.00	8	0
Maltose	g	0.00	8	0
Galactose	g	0.00	8	0
Starch	g	0.03	4	0.027
Minerals
Calcium, Ca	mg	6	12	0.785
Iron, Fe	mg	0.28	12	0.011
Magnesium, Mg	mg	6	12	0.197
Phosphorus, P	mg	12	12	0.508
Potassium, K	mg	77	6	5.45
Sodium, Na	mg	1	6	0.353
Zinc, Zn	mg	0.16	12	0.017
Copper, Cu	mg	0.057	12	0.014
Manganese, Mn	mg	0.336	8	-
Selenium, Se	mcg	0.1	2	-
Vitamins
Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid